Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Alter Serum Biochemical Indices, Induce Histopathological Alterations, and Modulate Transcription of Cytokines, HSP70, and Oxidative Stress Genes in Oreochromis niloticus

In the present study, fish were exposed to sub-lethal doses of CuONPs (68.92 ± 3.49 nm) (10 mg/L, 20 and 50 mg/L) for a long exposure period (25 days). Compared control group (0.0 mg/L CuONPs), significant dose-dependent elevation in blood urea creatinine values, serum alanine transaminase, aspartate alkaline phosphatase enzyme activities evident CuONPs-exposed groups (p < 0.05). Fish significantly upregulated transcription pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, interleukin 12, 8), heat shock protein 70, apoptosis-related gene (caspase 3), oxidative stress-related (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) genes liver gills comparison with those Moreover, varying histopathological injuries noticed hepatopancreatic tissues, posterior kidneys, correlated tested dose CuONPs. summary, our results provide new insights helpful information better understanding mechanisms toxicity Nile tilapia at hematological, molecular levels, tissue levels.